Our Well-Being Depends on a Secure Sense of Belonging to a...

Our well being depends on a secure sense of belonging to a group The idea of belonging is an important and fundamental value in our lives. For humans as social creatures, belonging to a group provides a sense of security both physically and mentally. A group provides a framework of values, attitudes and rules that the individual can find a sense of security and comfort from when all share the same aspects of life. A sense of belonging therefore most commonly emerges from personal experience, concepts of identity, relationships, acceptance and understanding from interacting with the group. When there is no conflict between the members of the group, it creates a strong sense of security within the group. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs†¦show more content†¦Having a close-knit community full of the same ethnic background may allow the individuals to keep the cultural values and attitudes in place in such a continually changing world. Those individuals who are in ethnic enclaves are able to communicate and share feelings more openly. Et hnic groups are so strong in a constantly changing world because they have their own strict rules, punctualities and have the same race. Having all these things in common alternately results them to feel as if they belong in the community strongly. This will aid them with their mental and physical well being. To be in an ethnic group and to keep the legacy, the individuals may need to follow punctualities. For example, in my personal experience, being in a diversity of ethnics in my school environment, I realize how important to be in part of a group is. It is essential to be in part of a group as it brings self-security, improvement of self-esteem and as a result it allows the individuals to achieve their best because they feel comfortable around each other. Ethnic groups developed are more common in those migrants who find it difficult to interact with the mainstream community. But this allows each other to understand one another and creates a sense of cultural values and a sense of security. By developing the ethnic groups into larger groups allow the individuals to be supported both mentally and physically. Sporting groups are another group that allows those active

Africans Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Introduction In January 2000 the United Nations Security Council held an historic meeting ; for the first clip the Council declaring that HIV/AIDS, is wellness issues of security menace ( Elbe, 2002 )[ 1 ]. In â€Å" 2006, the US National Security Strategy declared that â€Å" the hazards to societal order are so great that traditional public wellness attacks may be unequal, asking new schemes and responses ‘ ( Collins. 2007, pp: 422 )[ 2 ]. We will write a custom essay sample on Africans Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now the shifting in the security conceptualisation to including the disease threats as one of grounds which concern the homo, national and international security. In 2009, HIV/AIDS killed 1.8 million people, 1.3 million of whom were populating in sub-Saharan Africa. Major advancement has been made in presenting life-saving intervention for people populating with HIV/AIDS, but 15 million people are in demand of intervention globally, 10.6 million of whom are populating in Africa ( Alexandra E. Kendall, 2011, p:5 )[ 3 ]. The entire figure of Africans populating with HIV or AIDS is now 25.3 million. In 8 African states, at least 15 % of grownups are infected. In these states, AIDS will claim the lives of around a 3rd of today ‘s 15-year-olds in Africa[ 4 ]. South Africa besides has one of the highest Numberss of kids under 15 life with HIV/AIDS in the universe ; estimations range from 180,000 to 280,000[ 5 ]. It is estimated that over 15 million kids worldwide have been orphaned by AIDS, with 13 million of these populating in sub-Saharan Africa. In the worst-affected states, such as Zambia and Botswana, it is estimated that 20 % of kids under 17 are orphans. ( Sophie Lister, 2010 )[ 6 ]. This essay examine the drive factors and the impact of the HIVAIDS on international surveies or security surveies to be exact. I would wish to denote in my study to Africa as instance survey to analyze how this deadly disease affected the life aspects in this part. In the first portion, I will discourse how the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa, where I will touch the major causes of infection and transmittal, and besides I will mention to the driving factors of and aid to the growing and spread of HIV / AIDS in Africa, and in the 2nd portion I will mention to the Threats and Effects of AIDS on Africa continent, Where I will reexamine the impact of AIDS on National Armed Forces, Political Stability Of State, consequence HIV/AIDS on Administrative corruptness And besides I will discourse the function of AIDS in impairment of African Identities Why Spread of HIV / AIDS in Africa Continent? And How? Between 1999 and 2000 more people died of AIDS in Africa than in all the wars on the continent, as mentioned by the UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan[ 7 ]. The decease toll is expected to hold a terrible impact on many economic systems in the part. In some states, it is already being felt. Life anticipations in some states is already diminishing quickly, while mortality rates are increasing. â€Å" Second millenary began with 24 million Africans infected with the virus. Each twenty-four hours, 6,000 Africans die from AIDS. Each twenty-four hours, an extra 11,000 are infected † ( Lester R. Brown, HIV Epidemic Restructuring Africa ‘s Population )[ 8 ]. The Main Causes who lead to familial HIV/AIDS There are merely three important paths of transmittal for HIV: From infected sexual fluids From infected blood From infected female parent to pamper during gestation and bringing ( if a pregnant adult female is HIV-positive, the babe has a 1 in 3 opportunity of being infected )[ 9 ]. Unprotected sexual intercourse ( either vaginal or anal ) with person who has HIV. Sexual contact. This is by far the most common manner that HIV spreads. HIV is present in the seeds of an septic adult male and in the vaginal fluids of an septic adult female. When two people have sex and exchange organic structure fluids, HIV may distribute from one spouse to the other. Anal sex is riskier than vaginal sex because the anal tissue is more prone to rupturing during sex than the vaginal tissue. HIV is besides transmitted through unwritten sex, though it is much less common. However, if you contract HIV through unwritten sex, transmittal is 100 % for you[ 10 ]. Sharing acerate leafs or panpipes with person who is HIV septic. Lab surveies show that infective HIV can last in used panpipes for a month or more. That ‘s why people who inject drugs should ne’er recycle or portion panpipes, H2O, or drug readying equipment. This includes acerate leafs or panpipes used to shoot illegal drugs such as diacetylmorphine, every bit good as steroids. Other types of acerate leafs, such as those used for organic structure piercing and tattoos, can besides transport HIV[ 11 ]. There are an estimated 250,000 new infections per twelvemonth as a consequence of the reuse of acerate leafs and panpipes[ 12 ], and in Africa 250 to 500 people are freshly infected with HIV each twenty-four hours as a consequence of insecure blood transfusions[ 13 ].Testing of blood is indispensable but remains absent in many low and middle-income states[ 14 ]. Infection during gestation, childbearing, or breast-feeding ( mother-to-infant transmittal ) . Any adult female who is pregnant or sing going pregnant and thinks she may hold been exposed to HIV-even if the exposure occurred old ages ago-should seek testing and guidance. Those who test positive can acquire drugs to forestall HIV from being passed on to a foetus or baby, and they are counseled non to breast-feed[ 15 ]. Driving Factors for Spread HIV/AIDS in Africa: Impact Of Poverty On AIDS In Africa Although there are legion factors that lead to the distributing HIV/AIDS in Africa continent, it is mostly recognized as a disease of poorness, hitting hardest where people are marginalized and enduring economic adversity. The intensifying poorness across the continent has created fertile land for the spread of the HIV/AIDS and infective diseases. Worsening living conditions and decreased entree to basic wellness services have led to distribute of AIDS/HIV[ 16 ]. Lack of money is an obvious challenge, it can drive many immature adult females and misss into forms of sex work in order to guarantee their support or that of their household, or else to obtain safe transition, nutrient, shelter or other resources. Emergencies can besides take to new forms of sex work, for case, in Mozambique the inflow of human-centered workers and transporters, such as truck drivers, can do sex workers to travel to the country. In northern Kenya, for case, drouth has led to a lessening in clients for sex workers, and the consequence is that sex workers are less able to defy their clients ‘ refusal to have on rubbers[ 17 ]. Human Demographics and Behavior Population growing, peculiarly in the Africa, will go on to ease the transportation of AIDS pandemic among people and parts. Frequent and frequently sudden population motions within and across boundary lines caused by cultural struggle, civil war, and dearth have been blamed for the spread diseases quickly in affected countries, peculiarly among the refugees. Refugee cantonments, found chiefly in Sub-Saharan Africa, have been identified to distribute of catching disease, such as HIV/AIDS. Well over 120 million people lived outside the state of their birth in 1998, and 1000000s more will emigrate yearly, increasing the spread of diseases globally. Behavioral forms, such as unprotected sex with multiple spouses and endovenous drug usage, will stay cardinal factors in the spread of HIV/AIDS[ 18 ]. Medical Intuition As a consequence of several high profile incidents affecting Western medical practicians[ 19 ]every bit good as historically hapless intervention by outside powers, there are high degrees of medical intuition throughout Africa. This misgiving for modern medical specialty is frequently linked to theories of a â€Å" Western Plot †[ 20 ]of mass sterilisation or population decrease. There is grounds that such rumours may hold a important impact on the usage of medical services[ 21 ]. Menaces and Effectss of AIDS: AIDS Has Negatively Affected On National Armed Forces In footings of the military deductions lifting from pandemic of HIV/AIDS, a convincing statement was proposed that the epidemic has negatively affected national armed forces[ 22 ]. ( Elbe,2002 ) notes that HIV rates among African armed forcess are consistently higher than the rates of the populations of the continent at big. He argues that soldiers are normally recruited from a pool of sexually active age ; their likeliness to undergo unprotected sexual dealingss as a manner to cut down their anxiousness is high. Furthermore, as soldiers trained for combat, they are more likely to ‘valorize violent and hazardous behavior ‘ in a military environment that is known to pull sex workers[ 23 ]. These facets are thought to be playing a major function in exposing the armed forces to sexually familial viruses such as HIV. It is relevant to foreground the links between AIDS in the military and the hazards for security. It is noted that AIDS is the primary cause of decease in the ar med forces[ 24 ]. The epidemic can arouse, in already deteriorated ground forcess, ‘a unsafe weakening of military capablenesss ‘ by doing the loss, of non merely regular soldiers but more significantly, the decease of specialised forces and officers, â€Å" Estimates of HIV infection rates among regional ground forcess are every bit high as 50 % in Congo and Angola, 66 % in Uganda, 75 % in Malawi, and 80 % in Zimbabwe. It is the figure one cause of deceases in many ground forcess, including those like Congo ‘s which have been at war often over the last decennary 20th, It permeates the South African military to the extent that soldiers ( every bit good as constabulary ) are prohibited from giving blood † . Additionally, it was found that a lessening in preparedness and morale could hold a negative impact on the ground forces abilities to execute their responsibilities, hence undermining deployment effectivity. From a realist ( province ) position, it is poss ible to reason that this ‘hollowing out ‘ and diminution in efficiency of African armed forcess may be perceived by an enemy as an chance for onslaught, hence doing HIV/AIDS a significant menace to national security. HIV/AIDS Threatens Political Stability Of State A big portion of the literature on HIV/AIDS is dedicated to the harmful deductions of the epidemic on national armed forcess and its deterioration effects on war, while sometimes excluding the extent to which African administration has been affected. It has been argued that HIV/AIDS may set greater strains on already weakened cardinal province establishments, and its erosion effects are said to lend to possible province failure. The epidemic can sabotage African administration by doing the decease of big Numberss of forces indispensable to running efficient regulating establishments. De Waal underscores that authorities retainer with strong political experience and professional accomplishments are cardinal to good working province organic structures. However HIV/AIDS has doing major losingss among staff possessing those properties. Furthermore, this loss in human resources would damage the lesson of the staying workers further underselling the efficiency of those national organic str uctures[ 25 ]. This has been replicated in several sectors, but the important point is that the virus in Africa â€Å" has tended to claim the lives of the most productive members of society, who are non easy replaced † such as instructors, wellness workers and civil retainers[ 26 ]. Second, political discontent refering the handling of the issue by authoritiess may besides originate, endangering the political stableness of the province. As cardinal establishments weaken, the assurance in authorities can diminish, and as McInnes suggests dissatisfaction may emerge from the dependence on foreign assistance[ 27 ]. This state of affairs may supply chances for ‘coups, rebellions and other political and cultural battles to procure control over resources ‘ leting warlords to make full the power vacuity and take control over certain countries[ 28 ]. This demonstrates that HIV/AIDS can lend to province failure in Africa and therefore can be considered as a major menace. HIV/AIDS Stimulates Administrative corruptness among authorities employees It was highlighted that corruptness has risen amongst authorities functionaries or civil retainers who are unable to afford HIV interventions for themselves or household members through lawful agencies[ 29 ]. De Waal is of sentiment that HIV/AIDS has negatively impacted population abilities to take part in the political life. He suggests that HIV/AIDS has damaged civil society due to the loss of members in administrations advancing a healthy civil society. Furthermore, because household precedences lie in caring for the sick, it is apprehensible that the population ‘readiness ‘ to take portion in elections has diminished. This combined with the de-institutionalisation of authoritiess through the loss of experient forces can in turn lead to the farther centralization of power in the manus of little opinion elite, which already characterized many African authoritiess ; hence sabotaging the development of democratic procedures at national degree[ 30 ]. HIV/AIDS and The Deterioration of African Identities HIV/AIDS can besides be involved in the impairment of individualities among the population of Africa, which can later present menace to African societies. As people infected by the virus are stigmatized, they become more vulnerable[ 31 ]. A more direct mechanism by which the new demographics of AIDS can rise security hazards is through its creative activity of a new pool of orphans, amplifying the kid soldier job. By 2010, over 40 million kids will lose one or both of their parents to AIDS, including 1/3 of all kids in the hardest hit states. These include 2.7 million in Nigeria, 2.5 million in Ethiopia, and 1.8 million in South Africa. Because, they are HIV positive, their households and communities may reject them, hence losing a sense of belonging. This state of affairs creates chances for warlords to enroll those victims on the land of cultural bitterness for case, therefore fuelling cultural force. A peculiarly vulnerable population group are kids because as celebrated by Singer, ‘this mass of staccato and ill-affected kids is peculiarly at hazard to being exploited as kid soldiers ‘[ 32 ]. Decision: To reason, it is indispensable to emphasize that HIV/AIDS can be considered as a major menace to African security for several grounds. It has been found that AIDS has had a weakening consequence upon African ground forcess by doing considerable losingss within the ranks particularly amongst persons with long military experience and cut downing soldiers readiness to deploy efficaciously. In Africa, it is established that the disease is progressively deteriorating the political stableness and constitution of democracy in many states of the continent by gnawing their institutional base, in bend increasing corruptness and offering chances for rebellions as despair grows within the population. Therefore, the epidemic creates the conditions of instability within provinces favorable for armed groups to transport out onslaughts against the constitution and other enemy cultural groups. The likeliness of this scenario is reinforced by the loss of individuality that groups of population suffer. Those who have lost fond regard will turn to violence for endurance, which strengthens cultural groups and their inclination to prosecute in cultural force. Bibliography A ; Diaries Elbe, S. ( 2002 ) HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa.A International Security, A Vol. 27, No. 2. Collins, A ( erectile dysfunction. ) 2007, Contemporary Security Studies, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, New York ; Oxford. Alexandra E. Kendall, February 22, 2011, U.S. Response to the Global Threat of HIV/AIDS: Basic Facts. AT THE AFRICAN SUMMIT ON HIV/AIDS, TUBERCULOSIS AND OTHER RELATED INFECTIOUS DISEASES ABUJA, NIGERIA aˆ? 24-27 APRIL 2001. Republic of South Africa, Department of Health, The National HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey of South Africa 2007 ; 2008. Sophie Lister, 2010, The Back Story: AIDS Orphans Leader ‘s Guide. Lester R. Brown, 2000. HIV Epidemic Restructuring Africa ‘s Population, World Watch Issue Alert, 31 October 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.globalissues.org/article/90/aids-in-africa HIV Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stdservices.on.net/std/hiv-aids/details.htm entree day of the month = 26/11/2011. Gloria Edini, Introduction to HIV and AIDS: What You Need to Know. hypertext transfer protocol: //gloria.taboca.com/artigos/text2.html entree day of the month = 27/11/2012. Basic Facts About HIV/AIDS. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amfar.org/abouthiv/article.aspx? id=3352 # How_is_HIV_transmitted? entree day of the month = 26/11/2011. UNICEF ‘Immunization: Injection safety ‘ . WHO ( 2006, 27th June ) ‘Making Safe Blood Available in Africa ‘ . All Africa ( 2009, 30th December ) ‘Africa: HIV Transmission Via Transfusions in Continent Remains High ‘ . Basic Facts About HIV/AIDS, Op. Ann-Louise Colgan, Hazardous to Health: The World Bank and IMF in Africa, Africa Action, April 18, 2002. Samuels, Fiona ( 2009 ) HIV and exigencies: one size does non suit all, London: Overseas Development Institute. DR.A GORDON NATIONALA INTELLIGENCEA COUNCIL Washington, DC 20505, ( article ) .- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2007/07/31/opinion/31washington.html date=2007-07-31 entree date=2011/11/26. UNICEF â€Å" Battling anti-vaccination rumours: Lessons learned from instance surveies in Africa † .http: //www.path.org/vaccineresources/files/Combatting_Antivac_Rumors_UNICEF.pdf entree date=2011/11/26. Savelsberg PF, Ndonko FT, Schmidt-Ehry B. Sterilizing vaccinums or the political relations of the uterus: Retrospective survey of a rumour in the Cameroon. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 2000 ; 14:159-179. Clements CJ, Greenough P, Shull D. How vaccine safety can go political – the illustration of infantile paralysis in Nigeria. Current Drug Safety. 2006 ; 1:117-119. Alex De Waal, â€Å" ‘New-Variant ‘ Dearth: How Aids Has Changed the Hunger Equation † , November 20, 2002, available at. De Waal, A. ( 2003 ) How will HIV/AIDS transform African Governance? .A African Affairs, A 102, pp.1-23. McInnes, C. ( 2006 ) HIV/AIDS and security.A International Affairs, A Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 315-326. Ostergard, R. L. Jr. ( 2002 ) Politics in the hot zone: AIDS and national security in Africa.A Third World Quaterly, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 333-350. Peterson, S. ( 2002/3 ) Epidemic Disease and National Security.A Security Studies, A Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 43-81. How to cite Africans Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Bonobo Essay Research Paper BONOBO free essay sample

The Bonobo Essay, Research Paper BONOBO Pan paniscus Description: The pygmy chimpanzee is a species of Pan troglodytes. It is the least known of the great apes because it lives merely in aremote rainforest part on cardinal Africa, and compared to other apes, it was merely late discovered. The pygmy chimpanzee isalso normally referred to as the pigmy Pan troglodytes. Pygmy is a misnomer because the organic structure weight of the pygmy chimpanzee is, on norm, the same or somewhat less than one of the races of the common Pan troglodytes, Pan troglodytessohweinfurthi. Compared to the common Pan troglodytes, the organic structure weight of the pygmy chimpanzee is otherwise proportioned, andthe centre of gravitation is shifted lower doing it possible for the pygmy chimpanzee to stand more erect and often walkbipedally. The pygmy chimpanzee has longer limbs ( comparative to trunk length ) and their physique is by and large more slender and gracile. The organic structure construction of the pygmy chimpanzee is an version for mounting and populating an arborical life style in the rain forest. Thebonobo # 8217 ; s caput and ears are perceptibly smaller, and there is less brow mass over the eyes than observed in thechimpanzee. The facial tegument is in darkness pigmented, and the hair is ever black, normally parted in the center of the headwith bushy burnsides lodging out on both sides of the face. The pygmy chimpanzee # 8217 ; s voices are high pitched squeals.Because of similar morphological traits, some anthropologists consider the pygmy chimpanzee as the best life paradigm for thecommon ascendant of worlds and African apes. While this contention remains unsettled, it has been establishedthrough molecular familial analyses that the Pan troglodytes genus, Pan, is most closely related to worlds and sharesapproximately 99 % familial individuality. Thus it follows that the pygmy chimpanzee and Pan troglodytess have many human-like morphological, physiological and behavioural traits. Scope: Pygmy chimpanzees are geographically confined to a little part in Zaire, in the Zaire River Basin South of the ZaireRiver. Habitat: Unlike the common Pan troglodytes, which lives in a assortment of home grounds, the pygmy chimpanzee is found chiefly in lowlandrainforests. Its life style is more arborical. Diet: Bonobos chiefly feed on arboreal fruits, foliages and pith from roots. They are known to on occasion eat insectsand Hunt little mammals. They have besides been observed to slap H2O up from a watercourse and eat either invertebrates orfish. Social Organization: Certain facets of bonobo societal organisation differs from the Pan troglodytes # 8217 ; s and other greatapes # 8217 ; . Pygmy chimpanzees are most often found in assorted age and sex groups with grownups, juveniles and babies of both sexesfreely tie ining with each other. There is a less marked laterality hierarchy in the pygmy chimpanzee # 8217 ; s societ al construction, and, alone among great apes, a greater prevalence of strong female-female bonding ( as opposed to male-malebonding observed in common Pan troglodytess ) . Bonobos are extremely societal. They have developed a set of ritualized socio-sexualbehaviors which are specific to their species. Sexual behaviours have evolved to work as societal forces, and sexualbehaviors are displayed by persons of all ages. For illustration, sexual intercourses are common between male and femaleadults even when the female is non is estrus, there is a higher frequence of homosexual behaviour among pygmy chimpanzees of allages, particularly among big females, and venereal contact maps as societal calming during times of grouptension. One particular characteristic observed in bonobo society is the general deficiency of intraspecies aggression. Bonobos areless apt to prosecute in physical struggles and intergroup confrontations. They are by and large really peaceable. This isattributed to care of their extremely complex societal repertory. Bonobos mature at approximately seven to ten old ages incaptivity, and at approximately 12 to fourteen old ages in the natural state. Females give birth to one baby about every four to P > five old ages. Gestation lasts about eight months. While the baby is dependent on its female parent for its first four old ages of life, its male parent and siblings are strongly associated familiar members. Conservation Status: The pygmy chimpanzee is listed as an endangered species in the wild by the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, a vulnerable species by the IUCN Red Data Book and as an Appendix I species by CITES. There are no goodestimates of the figure of pygmy chimpanzees staying in the natural state. Surveies are urgently needed. What is known is thatbonobos no longer happen in much of their historical scope, and that the wild populations have been greatly reduced bydeforestation and human invasion. The populations are discontinuous and widely scattered. Menaces to Survival: The pygmy chimpanzee is threatened by forest devastation for wood merchandises and agribusiness. Bonobos arehunted for nutrient and for sale to the favored trade. One of the major menaces to this species i s that its scope lies wholly withinthe state of Zaire. Even historically the pygmy chimpanzee is considered to be a rare species relative to other apes because of itssmall scope and habitat restrictions. Thus the species is highly vulnerable to political and societal struggles that arise inZaire. Zaire is among the poorest states of the universe. Most recent studies from field research workers indicate increasedpoaching of pygmy chimpanzee for nutrient. This may be attributable to rampant rising prices, widespread nutrient deficits, and the influxof people flying political force of the metropoliss into the countryside. Zoo Programs # 8211 ; SSP: As of March, 1994, there 50 pygmy chimpanzees managed under the Bonobo SSP in North America. Amasterplan has been in consequence since 1991 to organize a genteelness and direction plan, with the end ofpreserving familial diverseness and heightening the societal public assistance of pygmy chimpanzee within this little prisoner population.Fur thermore, the plan seeks to associate preservation attempts such as preservation of pygmy chimpanzee in Zaire. Over the pastfew old ages, the SSP has fostered working relationships with field research workers and environmentalists. SSP establishments havehelped support field research and have brought the natural history and predicament of the pygmy chimpanzee to the attending of zoovisitors through workshops, publications, presentations and educational stuff. Because people will non conservewhat they do non cognize and love, the SSP # 8217 ; s greatest function in bonobo preservation may go public instruction. Conservation: Pygmy chimpanzees have occurred in the Salonga National Park in Zaire ; nevertheless, sightings are recent, and it isnot known if the population is resident. The lone other conserves are research countries at Wamba ( called the Luo RiverScientific Reserve ) and Lomako, which have late been proposed as protected research countries. Because of Zaire # 8217 ; spol itical and economic crises, extended preservation attempts have been abandoned for the clip being. Political unrestand decreasing governmental substructures preclude all but simple, local, grassroots undertakings. Field research has beenreduced to sporadic trial to analyze sites, and many of the possible givers ( corporate involvements ) have left Zaire. Theoverall effects of the political instability on the pygmy chimpanzee endurance is hard to determine. In malice of this, conservationistsremain committed to making what they can. For illustration, The Action Plan for Bonobo Conservation ( supported byIUCN Primate Specialist Group and the Bonobo SSP through grants from the Zoological Society of MilwaukeeCounty ) , a papers which summarized the current position of our cognition of the wild pygmy chimpanzee and outlinesconservation precedences, will be published in 1994. This papers is intended to steer environmentalists, research workers, authorities functionaries and donor bureaus in developing preservation plans for the pygmy chimpanzee when chances arefinally present.