Is religion a choice or it's just a brainwashing Research Proposal

Is religion a decision or it's only a conditioning - Research Proposal Example 173). For quite a long time associations and affiliations have been utilizing pressure strategies and brain control for the sake of religion. Through indoctrinating an individual is constrained into change, which disregards the human rights, yet additionally has negative mental results. They understand the degree to which they had been under impact, when they exit or deformity from the framework. Choice in religion is fundamental to keep up human rights and respect yet the manner in which things stand, religion doesn't involve decision. The idea of programming started from the socialists with the aim of overwhelming the through and through freedom of the people in question or driving them to become socialists (Anthony 1999, p. 424). It was then applied by strict religions in changing over individuals. Strict encounters and convictions are caused because of mental trips and dreams (p. 428). Anthony refers to Abgrall who accepts that conditioning, mind control, mental taking care of, coercive influence, are on the whole strategies to supplant the reasoning procedure (p. 426). Trance makes individuals profoundly helpless to â€Å"suggestions† (p. 428) and the adjusted conditions of awareness brings about transformations dependent on overpowered will (p. 429). Despite the fact that America has dismissed the programming model, Robbins refers to three stunning occasions where brutality resounded †Jonestown, Synanon and Rajneeshpuram (Robbins, p. 171). How the court or the appointed authorities decipher law generally varies from mental reality or how changes or convictions can be influenced or impacted. This has been found in not one but rather arrangement of obvious occasions. Confirmations from France, Belgium and Geneva show that different procedures have been utilized to select individuals and hold them (Richardson and Introvigne, p. 147) despite the fact that there are claims that America has sent out the idea of programming to every other nation. A French therapist analyzes change or indoctrinating to enticement

Managing change - case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Overseeing change - contextual investigation examination - Essay Example This paper focuses on that as per Lewin's model, the controlling power is the administration progression which postpones the dynamic procedure. The administration imagined that the circumstance will change as there will be â€Å"ups and down† in each industry.But the value decay proceeded for a significant stretch. Detecting the weakening of the organization gainfulness and resources the administration has opened for the idea of redoing the regulatory structure to suit the present necessities and reduction the dynamic procedure time. The main impetus was the adjustment in the administration believed that the dynamic authority should vest with not many to improve the dynamic rate. As the change was constrained the CEO with a group of seven others framed a zenith council to accelerate the dynamic procedure. The supervisory group has concentrated on the recognized need to manage a potential long haul decrease in ware costs, set the feasible objective of disentangling the administ ration structure to cultivate responsibility and correspondence. Taking everything into account, correspondence is the way to actualize the belief systems of the administration. There ought to be a smooth and unmistakable progression of data directly from the administrators to the ground staff down the line who structure the center of the representative gathering. The error in the data will raise the choices in the other manner and could change the direction of the ideal outcomes. The correct type of data will control the individual to the ideal yield.

Upcoming deadlines for external scholarships, and graduate fairs COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Upcoming deadlines for external scholarships, and graduate fairs COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Scholarship Opportunities The SIPA Financial Aid Office maintains a database of external funding opportunities, and we wanted to alert students to some upcoming application deadlines. For more external scholarship awards, visit our External Fellowships and Funding Sources page. La Unidad Latina Foundation    Graduate students working on community programs which aid in the civic empowerment and educational improvement of the Latino community may apply. Deadline: October 18, 2019 Bush Foundation Fellowship    Applicants must be at least 24 years old at the time of the application deadline and lived for one continuous year immediately prior to the application deadline in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, or one of the 23 Native  nations that shares the same geographic area with these states. Deadline: October 24, 2019 Harvey Fellows Program   Applicants must be Christian graduate students  who possess a unique vision to impact society through their fields and who are pursuing graduate studies at premier institutions (top five) in their disciplines in the United States or abroad. Deadline: November 1, 2019 Soros Fellowships for New Americans  Applicants must be immigrants or children of immigrants â€"who are poised to make significant contributions to US society, culture, or their academic field. Deadline: November 1, 2019 American Association of University Women International Fellowship    Applicants must be women pursuing full-time graduate or postdoctoral study in the U.S. who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Deadline: November 15, 2019 Navajo Nation Scholarship   Navajo students attending graduate school may apply. Deadline: November 25, 2019 Admissions Graduate Fairs Opportunities Admissions representatives (me, specifically!) will be at these upcoming graduate school fairs: Idealist Grad Fair Los Angeles,  October 14 Idealist Grad Fair San Francisco, October 15 Idealist Grad Fair Seattle, October 17 If youre near the Columbia University campus, take advantage of our Class Visit opportunities this semester. Check if well be in a city near you anytime soon our team is travelling globally to meet excellent candidates like you. If you cant make it to see us in person, were holding virtual information sessions too: Group of 4 Schools Virtual Info Session, November 14 SIPA MIA, MPA, MPA-DP Virtual Info Session, November 18 SIPA MIA, MPA, MPA-DP Virtual Info Session, December 12 I look forward to meeting yall, whether its in-person or online.

The Stereotypes Of African Americans - 1347 Words

African Americans have been oppressed ever since slavery was abolished and it seems to be a never-ending cycle. White Americans oppressed the black population because they needed a way to remind everyone of their so-called supremacy. They did this through many different ways but the most common were by theatrical performances. Ever since the minstrelsy shows the negative stereotypes of African Americans seem to keep growing. According to the book Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks, â€Å"in almost every American movie in which a black had appeared, filmmakers had been trying to maintain the myth that Negroes were naturally rhythmic and natural-born entertainers.† There are many stereotypes that the film industry will never get tired of enforcing. In 2002 the film Paid In Full was released. Paid In Full was a film about a young man who was working in a cleaning shop but he encounters a drug dealer. The drug dealer convinces him to join and he becomes one of the top leaders of the drug cartel. He also recruits his friends and they join him as well. The uncle of the protagonist asks him for money but he refuses to give him some. The uncle kidnaps Ace, the protagonist’s brother, and eventually kills him because Ace was not able to recruit the amount of money that his uncle was demanding. This film sends the negative message that African Americans will go to any extend, betraying their own family members, in order to obtain power and money. As the movie industry progressesShow MoreRelatedStereotypes And Stereotypes Of African Americans Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans have been represented in the media with harmful stereotypes which were founded in the slavery era (Cartier, 2014)(Carpenter, 2012). This negative representation invites bias from those who accept the images, the distortion of which is accentuated by both sexism and racism. Black women are the least represented group in cinema, making it easier to rely on stereotypes which encourage societal bias. From these stereotypes, like the Jezebel and Sapphire, stem the â€Å"real world† stereotypesRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of African Americans1217 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypes seem to be very present in our country, especially stereotypes towards African-Americans. For the longest time, like it has been instilled as a fact in my brain, black people have been directly related to the words â€Å"ghetto† or â€Å"hood†. I don’t remember a time where I actually can remember the words â€Å"ghetto† or â€Å"hood† without the picture in my mind of an African-American person. I think that this is a big problem in today’s society because it is not true but still seems to be taught. InRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of African Americans1909 Words   |  8 Pagesstereotyping. Stereotypes are cognitive structures that contain the perceiver s knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about human groups (Green). Stereotypes have been proven to affect young adolescents. Media depicts African Americans in stereotypical ways that negatively affect self-esteem, therefore all media outlets should display African Americans in a more realistic and rational way. The type of prejudice that affects African Americans the most is based on racial grounds. Racial stereotypes are â€Å"constructedRead MoreAfrican-American Stereotypes935 Words   |  4 Pagesand The Help, the portrayals of African-Americans reinforce established racial stereotypes. Dorcas and the prostitutes represent the jezebel; the absent male is viewed and reinforced through the perspectives of Violet, Golden Gray, and even Minny; Aibileen and Minny represent the mammies, and in a way, Jim is Huck’s mammy too. While there are instances in all four novels of characters challenging stereotypes, these characters primarily reinforce racial stereotypes. The jezebel represents a femaleRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes1256 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American IAT George, Janel A: Stereotype and School Pushout: Race, Gender, and Discipline Disparities DESCRIPTION: George focuses on implicit bias largely in the educational sector and how that effects African Americans with the emphasis on specifically the black female. Educationally facilities tend to apply restrictions regarding disciplines on a sort of equality across the board basis; however, the failure of recognition is that this method is not effective and results in long term psychologicalRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of African American Students Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypes can be defined as schemas applied to a group of people sharing common physical, biological or racial characteristics. Focusing on education, African American students had consistently been negatively stereotyped about their intellectual abilities. Research indicates that racial stereotypes negatively affect African American students’ academic performance. This correlation, though, is clearest among salient African American students, implying that psychological factors may result fromRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of African American Females Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes are instilled in us at a young age by our previous experiences and by our parents. Whether they are positive or negative, African American females have to deal with these on a daily basis. Stereotypes often influence the way people view themselves and the way others view them. These are represented in American media, such as commercials and other advertisements. Reflection on Experience After watching one hundred commercials, I found that African American females are represented inRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes. Paper1208 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican American Stereotypes Ivory Marvin A stereotype is a popular belief about specific types of individuals. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions. African Americans have been perceived to be someone they are not in the media, history, and in everyday life. Although some stereotypes are true, many are harmful and inaccurate. African American stereotypes are generalizations about the behavior of African Americans originated mainlyRead MoreStereotypes And Generalizations Of African Americans1534 Words   |  7 Pagesinception, the negative stereotypes and generalizations of African Americans have been some of the worst examples of racism that has been extremely prevalent in American culture. African American stereotypes date back all the way to colonial American times, where African American slavery was considered to be accepted and practiced. Since then, black people in America have been treated horribly for stereotypes that have deep roots in the mistreatment of black people in American history. An example ofRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes in the Media1396 Words   |  6 PagesJakaya McCambry 10/02/12 African American Stereotypes in the Media When I first heard someone say, â€Å"All African American people are Ghetto,† I was very offended that someone would make this type of assumption about my culture, and I thought how ignorant this person must be; but then I stopped and wondered why other people would think this about us. I asked her why she would say something like this, and she instantly listed shows like Tosh.O and Chelsea Lately, which highlight my culture in a

The Role Of Business Ethics Within A Community Essay

Morality and values are contingent on the community’s view and opinions of the issues at hand. As time passes, the community will evolve and the popular interpretation of an issue will influence the acceptance of behavior by the community at large and, in a business setting, it is no different. Business leaders must adhere to accepted cultural and community code of conduct in order be accepted as contributing members of the community. In analyzing the role of business ethics within a community, Joseph Betz (1998) wrote: To live together beneficially, we must act decently or morally with one another. There is no social, economic or political institution which can exist if the participants in it unrestrainedly lie, cheat, steal, injure, threaten or physically endanger one another. (p. 694). As a group, the community must analyze and criticize the behavior of its member in order to arrive at a consensus on the tolerance of business practices and behaviors. However, the community’s inclinations may provide an obstacle to the entry and continuation of business activity within the community. Governments, as representative of the community, will attempt to influence and regulate the behavior of companies to reflect the expectations of the community in which they operate, as is the case of government mandated. â€Å"The main idea behind CSR is also known as the triple bottom line principle, implying that businesses (should) not only serve as economic, but also social andShow MoreRelatedCorporate Roles, Personal Virtues, And The Good Life934 Words   |  4 PagesIn the â€Å"Corporate Roles, Personal Virtues: An Aristotelean Approach to Business Ethics,† Robert Solomon argues that toughness is a virtue, but callousness and indifference is not. Solomon views the Aristotle approach the proper way, because it considers both personal and business values. However, Albert Carr argues that business and personal ethics don’t mix; and game-strategy in business leads to success. In this paper, I will argue that Carr prevails Solomon’s business ethics and his claim. AristotleRead MoreHow Ethics Affects Business Relationships Within An Organization Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pages Business ethics, business relationships and leadership make immense contribution towards influencing an organization’s overall existing culture. They all play a key role in an organization s development, success, and achievement through various aspects. There are numerous ways in which business ethics, business relationships, and business leadership affect an organization’s culture. These impacts can have either positive or negative repercussions. Some of the ways through which the business cultureRead MoreThe Difference Between Professionalism And Ethics1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe difference between professionalism and ethics is professionalism talks about staying professional within your business and always staying up to par about what is going on within a business. Ethics talks about the study of decisions and moral judgment. Ethics is the study of what should be, what is the ultimate good and how to achieve it. People have always thought that the primary purpose of business is to serve society. Business must have a society commitment otherwise businesses cannot enjoyRead MoreThe Influence of a Companys Leadership and Culture on Its Business Ethics1541 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the ways in which a companys leadership and culture influence its business ethics Definition of Organizational Culture Organizational culture refers to the values and behaviors essential in the contribution or development of unique social and psychological environment with reference to an organization. This is an indication that organizational culture is inclusive of the expectations, philosophy, values, and experiences that focus on holding an organization together with the aim of enhancingRead MoreEthics And The Code Of Ethics1455 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Practices There are many questions about people’s ethics and how they practice it by deciphering between what is right and what is wrong. How we think and behave towards others and how others think and behave towards us is how people live their lives. Doing what is right and personal integrity is two different features of ethics. In a business world, the Code of ethics is â€Å"a company’s written standards of ethical behavior that are designed to guide managers and employees in making theRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business932 Words   |  4 PagesA corporation does do business within a vacuum; rather exist as part of larger collective framework of society, stakeholders and a global business community. I believe that corporations which are profitable, and promote moral and ethical standards are the benchmark of success; additionally, corporations bear a great social responsibility to the society it exists within, an simply working within â€Å"the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom† is not enoughRead MoreThe Role of Ethics and Law in Creating and Maintaining Efficient Markets 1856 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironmental and social issues, there is a proficient need to educate future business leaders on actually how to run a business in a manner that contributes towards modern day concepts of sustainability and protection of natural resources around the world. The global business leaders of tomorrow will need to be flexible and able to incorporate all aspects of good decision-making in an increasingly complex global business environment. 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Runic alphabet, Free Essays

string(242) " from the number of inscriptions found on stones in Nordic lands that were clearly intended to be seen and read, and from the number of everyday objects inscribed with runes, it is possible that such of the Norse population could read runes\." Interrogated and first grade, for example, many children write â€Å"b† instead of â€Å"d,† and may sometimes confuse â€Å"p,† â€Å"q,† and â€Å"g. Teachers see these errors all the time, and gradually work to help kids fix them. But as a caring parent, should you worry? The stakes are high. We will write a custom essay sample on Runic alphabet, or any similar topic only for you Order Now DO these letter problems signal something deeper, such sidesaddle? To sort out the hype, we turned to two pros: Linda Selves, Executive Director of the New York branch of the International Dyslexia Association, and Eileen Marjoram, PhD. A past Board President of that organization, a professor of special education, and a teacher and tutor in private practice with dyslexic children for more than thirty years. Here’s what they have to say when it comes to three common fears about Wesleyan, and identifying it in kindergarten and first grade children: Myth You’ll know its dyslexia when a kid flips letters or misspells a lot. Fact: While some dyslexic people may do this, it’s not the main problem! Dyslexia, explains Selves, â€Å"is a neurologically based learning disability† in which â€Å"people have difficulty associating sounds with letters. Lots of kids who write â€Å"b† for â€Å"d,† or reverse other letters, are just making rookie mistake s; what’s more serious is when they cannot hear the â€Å"b† in â€Å"bear,† and think, instead, that it may be a â€Å"d† or â€Å"p. † Backwards letters alone re not cause for worry, according to the experts. In kindergarten, explains Marjoram, dyslexic kids will have trouble in several related areas. Taken together, these Signs indicate that a child is not making the all-important connection between letters, sounds, and word meaning. Instead of worrying yourself sick about reversed letters, â€Å"l would look further,† says Marjoram. If by the end of a full year of good instruction in kindergarten, a child can’t do all or most of the following, then it’s time to be concerned: easily name all the letters of the alphabet, with most sounds detect rhyming words ear initial sounds, like the â€Å"c† in cat. Identify basic sight words like â€Å"is† or ‘the† recognize â€Å"environmental print† like the word â€Å"stop† on a roadside sign Myth #2: You can’t really diagnose dyslexia until a kid is seven or eight. Fact: Kindergarten is not too early to evaluate a child. In fact, says Selves, â€Å"Early intervention is key†¦. The longer you wait, the more the problem grows. † Children quickly realize when something is wrong. Its all too easy for them to conclude, â€Å"l can’t read so I must be really dumb,† Selves says. If your kindergarten does display most of the signs above, both Selves and Marjoram emphasize that you should seek an evaluation with a qualified specialist, either through your school or through independent experts such as those certified by the International Dyslexia Association. Don’t let your school convince you to wait. Early intervention makes a huge difference. Http:// c mm/ magazine nee/article/ Kinder Stories, Poems, and Literature from the Viking Age 13th century Icelandic manuscript Our knowledge of the Viking people comes from several sources. One valuable source is the literature from the period. Norse people loved stories, and some of the stories and poems they themselves wrote, and that their ascendants wrote still survive. Stories about the Norse were also written by their contemporaries, including both their trading partners (such as the Arabs) and the victims of their raids (such as the Christian clerics who kept the historical records in Europe). This section describes written records the Viking-age people left behind. Language The Norse spoke Old Norse, which they called downs tuna (the Danish tongue). With minor variations, this language was spoken throughout the Norse lands during the Viking period. Old Norse is one of ten branches that cake up the Indo-European family of languages which have been spoken throughout Europe and southern Asia for the last 3000 years. Old Norse is the root language from which the modern Scandinavian languages descended, and is a close relative of modern English, Dutch, and German. During the period from 550050 AD, rapid linguistic changes occurred, which separated the Norse from other Germanic people on the European continent to the south and west. During the Viking age, language was no barrier to communication across the Norse lands; from Greenland to the Baltic, nearly the same language was spoken throughout. However, there is evidence that, despite the common language, a man’s homeland could be identified by his speech. Some scholars today would go further and say that by the start of the Norse era, significant differences already existed between East Norse (Sweden and Denmark) and West Norse (Norway and the Atlantic settlements such as Iceland) dialects. Writing and Runes The footwork runic â€Å"alphabet† (so called for the sounds of the first six letters in the runic row) was in wide use throughout northern Europe from roughly the 3rd to the 12th century. At first, 24 letters were used, but in the 9th century, he footwork alphabet was simplified to 16 letters, beginning in Denmark, then rapidly spreading throughout the region. Many variations of the footwork rune row were used; one of the Danish variants is shown above. In the same way that a modern reader of English would recognize all these glyphs as representing an upper case a Viking-age reader would recognize the many ways a rune might be represented. The runes consist of straight lines, typically in the form of a vertical (a stave) with diagonal branches (twigs). The lack of any curves makes the runes easy to carve into wood, bone, or stone, which were the normal writing materials mongo the Norse. Runes are found carved graffiti-like into historical buildings and statuary not just in northern Europe, but all across the continent, clearly showing the extent to which the Norse roamed over Europe. The marble lion shown in the sketch to the left is from outside Piraeus, near Athens, Greece, where some unknown Norse traveler carved runic graffiti into the shoulder of the beast. Judging from the number of inscriptions found on stones in Nordic lands that were clearly intended to be seen and read, and from the number of everyday objects inscribed with runes, it is possible that such of the Norse population could read runes. You read "Runic alphabet," in category "Papers" Many of the inscriptions are in the form of memorial stones, such as those illustrated below on this page. These stones are highly public memorials. There’s scarcely any reason to erect them if most of the population could not read them. Many everyday objects are found inscribed with the owner’s name, or the maker’s name, or other messages. Runic inscriptions have been found ranging from trade and legal documents such as bills of sale, all the way to coarse lavatory scribbling. Some runic inscriptions are clearly just for fun; a comb was found inscribed â€Å"l am a comb†. Some inscriptions may have been the equivalent of â€Å"Post-It’ notes; one wooden Ernestine from Bergen is inscribed: â€Å"Cathy says come home†. Additional evidence of widespread literacy comes from the old Icelandic literature. In an episode from Importations (chi 34), it was not considered the least bit remarkable that a poor, unnamed Icelandic from the northern quarter was able to read the inscription on a buried treasure chest. In chapter 18 of Vigilant saga, Striker ¶g’s father HLempel left a rune stick on the path where Vigorous and Transit were sure to find it as they rode to the ship that loud take them away from Iceland. On the stick were Striker ¶g’s words saying she wanted to marry no other man but Vigilantly. There was no question that V(giggling would be able to read the message.  ¶r ¶our challenged Klaus to a wrestling match via a message on a rune stick in chapter 12 of Savorsla saga. Interestingly, just two chapters later, Klaus and Gar(s found runes carved on a ship naming the skipper, which Klaus was unable to read. He demanded that Grim read them. Wooden writing tablets provide additional evidence of the widespread use of runic writing among ordinary people. The tablet shown in the photos is a odder reproduction. The historic tablets are about 20-CACM high (about 8-12 in) and were filled with blackened wax within their raised borders. A pointed iron stylus was used to write in the wax (top right). The reproduction stylus in the photos is set in an antler which allows a nice grip and which can be used to smooth the wax and erase unwanted writing (bottom right). The wooden surface of historical tablets from the Norse era bear marks where the stylus broke through the wax, and the marks show that the runic alphabet Was being used. These tablets are more commonly found in rural areas, ether than in towns, suggesting that even remote farm dwellers could read and write runes. On the other hand, objects have been found inscribed with runes which appear to be utter nonsense, or filled with errors. Perhaps it made perfect sense to the craftsman who made the object. Or perhaps, realizing that the object he just made needed to decorated with runes, but not knowing the footwork, the artisan simply made up something rune-like. The medium of choice for runic inscriptions was probably a stick or scrap of wood, which explains why few runic inscriptions are found today. Extraordinary conditions re required for the preservation of these wood scraps over the centuries since the Norse era. The runic writing shown to the right is one of a number of wooden merchant’s markers excavated in Bergen. It indicates the owner’s name, and was meant to be stuck in or tied to a pile of merchandise. It can be difficult to transcribe and translate runic writings. One difficulty is that there are more sounds in the language than there are runes to represent them. Thus a single character could represent one of several sounds. Another difficulty is the variations in the various footwork alphabets that were in use ring the period. Further, archaic or otherwise unknown words were used in runic inscriptions. Runes were frequently incorporated into the isomorphic designs (left) favored by the Norse. Additionally, every effort was made to reduce the space required to inscribe the message and the number of runes that needed to be carved. So, for example, if a rune repeated, only the first rune was carved and the second discarded. Generally, there were no breaks between words or between sentences. Runes could be written left to right or right to left. The â€Å"facing† of the runes makes it clear which way to read. For inscriptions longer than one line, alternating lines were frequently written in opposite directions, first leftwards, then rightwards. Sometimes, the lines bent around at the end, so that one line reads left to right and the next line right to left and upside down. The effect is shown with English text using Roman letters to the right. Some rune stones (such as the R ¶k stone shown to the left) have text crammed onto every surface of the stone, with lines reading upwards, downwards, leftwards, and rightwards. Further, runes could be coded into other figures, called cryptic runes. The intent is not always clear. Perhaps it was meant to highlight a portion of the text, or to show off the skill of the person carving the runes. And perhaps it was meant to hide the meaning of the text to those who did not now how the runes were encoded. One example of cryptic runes are skips;near (ship runes), where the twigs adorn the stem and stern of the ship. The number of twigs in a figure indicated two numbers. The rune was coded by these two numbers. The first represented a particular TTT (grouping of runes within the footwork), and the second indicated which rune in the grouping was meant. Shown to he right are two figures from a series of cryptic runes in an Icelandic manuscript. Portion of rune stone with several same-stave runes Same-stave rune with missing portion restored Same-stave rune separated into individual runes Transcription into Roman letters Another example of cryptic runes is same-stave runes, in which all of the twigs branch from a single stave. The composite image to the left shows an example of this kind of runic inscription. The left image shows a small portion Of the SÃ'‘ender Kirby Stone in Denmark that uses same-stave runes for a portion of its message. The stave of interest in this example is the second room the left. The stone was damaged in this region, and a portion of this stave is missing. This part of the stone is shown in the second image, with a speculative reconstruction of the missing portion. The individual runes are shown in the next column, and the transcription into the Roman alphabet in the final column. The complete message is Orr vigil run, or â€Å"Door hallow the runes†. Another form of cryptic runes is visible at the top of the R ¶k stone, above left. With the coming of Christianity, and its educated clergy reading and writing Latin, runes were displaced by the Roman alphabet (modified to it the needs of the various northern European languages), written with pen and ink on vellum. However, runes continued to be used for many centuries, since the materials for runic writing were always readily at hand: everyone carried a knife, and a stick could be picked up from anywhere. The Viking-age people did not develop a written culture until the arrival of the church. In the Viking age, runes were used for short notes only. The Viking culture was oral, and long works were remembered using poetry. Runes certainly could have been used for longer messages in the same way as Roman characters, but hey were not. Perhaps the Norse people saw no need to preserve long works in written form, even though everything was in place to do so. Only a single rune stone containing a complete poem survives, although many stones contain individual verses. In chapter 78 of Sells saga, regular asked her father Gill to compose a memorial poem, telling him she would carve the verses into a rune stick (rises ; kefir). Whether that was common practice or not is conjectural. The R ¶k stone is an extraordinary rune stone over four meters high (13 feet) and is covered on all five sides with runic inscriptions. The front (and the beginning of the inscription) is shown to the left, and the reverse is shown in the photo above left. Many of the rune stones, particularly later ones, are memorial stones, which commemorated the dead and may have served as declarations of inheritance. The purpose of the Rook stone is subject to debate, but may well be a memorial Stone, as well. Poetry Surviving poems show a wide range of topics and tones: respectful and reverent; boastful and proud; witty and humorous; threatening and defiant; vile and obscene. However, scurrilous or satirical poems were banned cause of the injury they caused to the subject and to his reputation. Poems, being a divine gift from ? ¶in (the highest of the gods), were thought to have special power. Poems had the power to bestow honor on a worthy man and to remove honor from a wretch. A skillful poet could earn a valuable reward from a generous king, or save his head from an angry king, by creating a well composed poem. Poems praising a woman were banned, both because of the publicity and the possible effect it might have on her reputation, but also because of possible spell binding effects the poem might have. (Surviving love memos suggest the ban was regularly ignored. ) On hearing certain kinds of poetry (for instance, poetry implying that a man was womanish), a man was at liberty to kill the person reciting the poem. The proscribed types of poetry are described in the medieval Icelandic lowbrow Gar;g;s (K 238). Norse poetry does not have the regular rhythm and end-rhyme that one conventionally associates with poetry, but rather uses alliteration and irregular stress which falls on the most significant words in each line. Norse poetry can be divided into three classes, depending on form and content. Rune poems were usually inscribed on monuments and serve to praise an individual. They are brief and usually have a simple meter and style. Decide poems describe the Norse gods and ancient Norse heroes and their exploits. Decide poetry also has relatively simple meter and style. The stories are exciting, packed with action, and frequently contain valuable object lessons. Little can be said about the development of decide poetry, but it was probably in place and in use at the start of the Viking age. Classic poems typically praise the deeds of notable people, and they were usually written during the lifetime of the person being raised. While some of the surviving classic poetry dates from the medieval period, many of the poems are believed to date from the Viking age. The R ¶k ironstone shown above on this page records one stanza of classic poetry and dates from the middle of the 9th century. The Israeli ironstone shown to the right is the only classic verse in the elaborate dry;takeTTT meter known to have been written down in the Viking age. It dates from roughly the year 1 000 and is located in Land in Sweden. While the decide poetry is uniformly anonymous, much of the surviving classic poetry is credited to a particular tote at a particular place and time. The classic poems have complicated meters, strict patterns of alliteration, and ornate metaphoric language, with wordplay to delight the sophisticated listener. The poems usually celebrate the exploits of a particular king or leader. Since, in the Viking age, exaggeration was considered to be mockery, and since mockery’ was considered a lethal insult, these poems are thought to be reliable testimony to the events, even though (in some cases) they weren’t committed to writing for centuries after their composition. Unfortunately, the factual information in such poetry tends to be limited. Classic poetry uses a variety of circumlocutions, such as kenning’s. A kenning uses a phrase as a metaphor to represent an idea. The usual form is a noun, qualified by another noun in the genitive case. For instance sweat of the sword is used to mean blood, or horse of the sea to mean ship. Some of the kenning’s can only be understood by someone with an extensive knowledge of the culture and of the great stories. For example, flame of the Rhine is used to mean gold but would probably be understood only by someone who is familiar with the V ¶lasagna saga in which the great gold treasure of the V ¶lulus NCAR ended up t the bottom of the river Rhine. Kenning can have multiple levels. For example, a poet might use a kenning for gold, and then use that phrase in place of the word â€Å"gold† in yet another kenning, such as flame of the sea- stead’s path. Sea-stead’s (ship) path is water, so flame of the water refers to gold. Some kenning’s depend on hyperbole. Enemy of gold refers to a man who does not like gold and gives it away: a generous man. Some kenning’s take the form of puns, such as using sky of the eel to represent ice in identifying someone as an Icelandic. The form of Norse poetry is complicated beyond the wordplay of the innings. The need to fit strict rules of alliteration and rhyming and rhythm result in verses in which multiple ideas are being formed simultaneously. (This concept is illustrated on the classic stanza page. Because Icelandic is a highly inflected language (word forms change depending on their usage in a sentence), it’s possible to jumble the word order yet retain the meaning of a sentence. Norse visual arts share this property (left). Exceedingly complicated forms are used all over a figure to create a single unified image. It’s been suggested that this similarity betw een poetry and visual arts derives from the name underlying sensibility, some innate appreciation of the baroque form in Norse culture. Because of its complexity and wordplay, wonder whether classic poetry could be understood by a listener hearing a verse for the first time. There are examples in the stories that support this belief, such as chapter 18 fog(slab saga. B ¶rids overheard a verse spoken by her brother, Gillis, in which he took credit for the killing of her husband, Programs. Not until she returned home did brd(s interpret the verse and understand its meaning. I may be overstating my case. At least one scholar of classic otter has told me that he believes the verses were easily understood by a listener in the saga age. Additionally, in an oral culture, it would be important to recall poetry without error. Because of the complexities of Norse verse, a defect in a recalled verse would be immediately apparent, since the rhyme, rhythm, or alliteration would no longer work. Any erroneous substitution would stand out. Thus, the complexity of the verse acted as a mnemonic aid to help recall the verse and to identify errors. This built-in error detection was one of the reasons that information conveyed by poetry during the Viking age as thought to be more reliable than information in prose. The 12th century authors who first wrote the histories and stories of Iceland viewed the words of poets to be more authoritative than other oral sources. Some modern scholars disagree, and they suggest that in oral form, even poetry is unlikely to remain unchanged over long periods of time. Literature Many of the important poems were composed in the 9th through 12th century. These were part Of the oral tradition, and were kept alive by repetition as they were passed from one generation to another. Poetry was likely a major form of entertainment for the Norse. Poets were held in high regard, not only for their ability to improvise poetic entertainment on the spot, but also because they were the repository of the shared cultural experience. They were the vessel through which the culture was passed from generation to generation. Once committed to poetry, a thought was expected to last â€Å"as long as the land is inhabited† or â€Å"as long as the Norse language is spoken†. Story-telling was a popular entertainment wherever people gathered. Faster ¶RA saga says in chapter 23 that origami Narrations told a story while sitting on his chair in front of his booth at the Ping. People sat all around him, listening to his tale. When an unexpected downpour forced everyone to leave and seek shelter, Poor ¶Ã‚ ¶r took advantage of the opportunity and killed Door(Mr.. Beginning in the 12th century, educated men in Iceland, where the oral tradition was strongest, began to write down the important stories. Iceland Was unique among European countries at this time in having a population comprised of a large number of relatively free, land- owning farmers. These men had the means to commission the creation of books in their own language, rather than in Latin as was the rule throughout he rest of Europe. The oral story-telling tradition of the Islanders also favored writings in the vernacular. A wide variety of material was written down in the Icelandic language. One of the first books to be written in the northern lands was the Icelandic law codes, begun in the year 11 17. Prior to this time, the law codes were remembered and recited orally by the law speaker (logs ¶Guam ¶our) at the Piping. A short time later, a history of Iceland was written known as [slandering;k (the Book of Islanders) by Air FRR ¶I (the learned) around the year 1 130. Scholars wrote books describing how to use Roman letters to represent the sounds of the Icelandic language. The First Grammatical Treatise was followed by three others. The genealogy and history of Icelandic settlers were written down in Land;MBA;k (the Book of Settlement)s. European literature was translated into Icelandic, including stories of the lives of saints, and learned books on topics including astronomy, natural history, and geography. Travel books were written by Icelandic visitors to Europe. New stories were written to commemorate the exploits of kings or other great leaders. Some of these books were in the form f histories, such as Homemaking’s, a history of the kings of Norway. Others described contemporary events, such as the sagas of the lives of Icelandic bishops, untangling saga, a compilation of sagas describing the events in the turbulent times when the sons of Stuart b ¶r ¶arson were changing the political landscape Of the Iceland. Islanders also wrote down the stories of their ancestors. These [sledding ¶guru (Sagas of Islanders, also called family sagas) remain compelling and entertaining reading today. They are a unique and new form of story-telling unlike anything that preceded them. Most of these sagas are thought to have been composed between 1200 and 1400. These stories tell of the tales of farmers and chieftains living in Iceland from the 9th through the 12th century. Many of them follow families for generation after generation, from the settlement era to the commonwealth period in Iceland’s history. They are distinctive in that they tell heroic tales not about heroes, but about just plain folks: the early Islanders. Although distorted by the time that separates the events depicted and the writing of the stories, the family sagas present one of the best pictures we have of Norse society. We know the names of only a very few of the writers of these works. It was not customary to put the author’s name on the manuscript. However, one author who can be identified with some certainty is Snorer Sturgeon (1 179-1241). A 20th century sculpture of Snorer by Vigilant is shown to the left. Snorer feared that the tradition of composing poetry to commemorate great men and great events was dying. For this, and other reasons, he wrote the Sonora dead, a four part textbook on writing classic poetry. The book summarizes Norse mythology (necessary for the poet to understand the innings), teaches the language of poetry, and presents examples of the various verse forms. How to cite Runic alphabet,, Papers

Methodology Management of Information Security †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Methodology Management of Information Security. Answer: Introduction In an organization, various plans, targets, goals are prepared to make the organization competent for long run. If an organization will not achieve or fulfill these goals then it has to be shutdown ultimately. So in order to achieve such objectives the managers of the organizations needs to make a full proof plan i.e. Project Methodology. Project methodology in simpler words is anything that includes every single little detail about the project (what the project is about, what will be its completion time, what materials does it requires, what are its pros cons etc). Project methodology is an important part to be considered by every manager. A different project has different project methodology for example: A car making company lets say BMW will have a different project methodology than a company that is into Refrigerator making LG. So project methodology is anything that holds the project from the starting to the completion of the project.(Elswick Lomabard, 2013) In the analysis we will study about project methodologies in detail, What is project methodology? Project Methodology is a defined mixture of reasonable related process, approach and procedure that decides how best to prepare, extend, manage and bring a plan throughout the nonstop execution procedure until successful completion and termination (Charvat, 2013). There are a number of project methodologies available for different project few them are as under: Project management body of knowledge PRINCE2 SDLC Waterfall Agile Here we will briefly discuss these methodologies: Project management body of knowledge was introduced by is also known as PMBOK(Tripathi, 2017). It is a document that has an entire data collected by Project management institute. It includes best methods and practices about how to undertake a project (PMI, 2010). Prince2 is another methodology and it is widely used and accepted, it is created by the government of united kingdom in 2001. Prince2 has wide varieties of management solutions for problems, this methodology is used mostly in information technology sectors it comes with various benefits but it has its own limitations. Waterfall methodology was introduced by (Dr.winston, 2012). This is more of a staircase like methodology; six steps are to be followed in order to make a successful attempt for project management. In recent time the popularity of waterfall methodology has decreased because of AGILE. Waterfall methodology is more of a traditional approach. AGILE was developed by seventeen developers (Sutherland, 2001) , it is now a days much more popular than any other methodology because it allows its users to make changes into the business plans, products etc according to the need of time, it is much more flexible than other methodologies. It is considered as a recent methodology though it was introduced in 2001 , because of its customer friendly approach it is mostly recommended to the customers. (Fuertes, 2017) If we have to choose from Agile or Waterfall, we should choose Agile as it is much more systematic and well developed methodology. It involves the customers to great extent which let the customers to make the changes to their products as per their demands. Below is a Difference made between Agile and Waterfall. This difference made between these both will help us to understand which one is of more importance and which one we should choose. AGILE Agile methodology of project is considered to be the most flexible ones as the are adapted to the changes, Agile understand that the business environment is full of uncertainties so it is adaptable to the changes that occurs with the need of time. Due to its capacity of adapting the changes AGILE helps the team from the unpredictable circumstances. Agile can be called a newer version than waterfall. Agile methodology is more customer friendly as most of the time customers valuable feedbacks are involved, they can ask for change according to their needs. Under Agile methodology a product is prepared with lots of team efforts. It is a more focused approach we can say, as all the focus of the team is given to the product only. WATERFALL Under waterfall methodology once the team is reached to the testing stage then it is very difficult or we can say it is impossible to make changes in the project. On the other hand waterfall is considered to not to adaptable to such changes so the team cant really cope-up with the unpredictable things. Whereas waterfall methodology can be called more of a traditional approach. Waterfall methodology is not at all customer friendly; customers can view their delivered product at the time of completion only. They cant make any change to the products delivered. On the other hand waterfall methodology doesnt requires team efforts or in simpler words if a team is formed for a particular project then that team can work on other projects as well. A PLC is showing below that how AGILE WATERFALL may work for a management: So as you can see in every PLC when the product is launched it is known as the initial stage , and when it starts yielding profits that is the maturity stage , but as the competition is throat cutting , under WATERFALL methodology when the product entered into decline stage it started falling continuously as it is not adaptable to changes and if we see in AGILE as soon as the product entered the decline stage it started declining but as it is adaptable to changes , it soon stables the product and starts going upward again. Hence we would choose AGILE methodology over WATERFALL methodology as it flexible and more adaptable to changes(Project Management Institute., 2000). Bibliography Charvat, J. (2013). Project Management Methodologies: Selecting, Implementing. London. Dr.winston. (2012). SDLC. Elswick, R., Lomabard, P. (2013). Project Management Essentials: A Quick and Easy Guide. London. Fuertes, W. (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)Fifth Edition. Methodology for Management of Information Security in In-dustrial Control Systems: A Proof of Concept aligned with Enterprise Objectives . INTERNET. (2002). INTERNET. PMI. (2013). PMBOK. PMI. (2010). PMBOK 5th edition. Project Management Institute. (2000). A Guide to the Project Managemnet body of knowledge. Sutherland, J. (2001). AGILE software developement. ww'c . Tripathi, A. (2017, Feburary 24). PMBOK - A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge. Retrieved August 9, 2017, from Simplilearn.com: https://www.simplilearn.com/pmbok-a-guide-to-project-management-body-of-knowledge-rar73-article